Anxiety and Depression Among Working and Non-Working Women

Anxiety and Depression Among Working and Non-Working Women DISCUSSION Results in the previous chapter had been very informative and will be discussed in context to hypothesis discussed in chapter 4. The present study was carried out to assess the level of anxiety and depression among working and non working women. A sample of 60 women was taken consisting of 30 working and 30 non-working women from Delhi and NCR region. The independent variables used for the study were working and non working women and the dependent variables studied were anxiety and depression. The results obtained in chapter 4 were analyzed and the discussion related to the hypothesis is presented below. In addition to this, the anxiety and depression was compared in the following groups. Levels of anxiety and depression were compared between working and non working women in anxiety and depression. Levels of anxiety and depression were compared between working and non working women on the basis of nuclear and joint family. Levels of anxiety and depression were compared between working and non working women belonging to the age group 25-35 and 36-50. Correlation between anxiety and depression was also calculated and interpreted. Keeping in view the objectives, four hypotheses were formulated and their discussion and interpretation is as follows. Problem 1: There will be significant difference between anxiety levels of working and non working women A comparison was made between the working and non working women on the basis of their anxiety levels. As it can be seen from the analysis of table 4.2(chapter 4), the anxiety levels of working women is higher than the non working women. The mean value for the working women was 25.00 whereas for non working women the value was 20.23. From the same table it was inferred that there was no statistically significant difference in the anxiety levels of working and non working women. Many studies have been done relevant to this research. A research done by Aleem and Danish (2008) on Marital satisfaction and Anxiety among single and dual career women at Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi summarized that pressure and hassles of jobs not only affect marital life but also proved to be a major source of anxiety particularly among women and also marital satisfaction among working women hardly get disturbed due to their multiple roles but the thought processes seemed to be disturbed that is manifested in the higher anxiety among women. This study supports the findings which show higher mean values in working women than non working women. Mukhopadhyay et al (1993) researched on Working status and anxiety levels of urban educated women in Calcutta and summarized that non working mothers showed higher anxiety levels than their working counterparts with respect to the total anxiety score as well as components, although the differences were statistically non-significant. This s tudy supports the statistically insignificant difference in the results of the present research. Problem 2: There will be significant differences between the levels of depression in working and non working women. A comparison was made between the working and non working women on the basis of their levels of depression. As it can be seen from the analysis of table 4.2(chapter 4), the depression levels of working women are higher than that of non working women. The mean value of depression levels of working women is 11.13 whereas the mean value of the non working women which is 6.1000 showing difference in the depression levels of the two groups. From the table it is inferred that there is statistically significant difference between the two groups (sig 2 tailed=0.034). Many researchers have worked in this field, one such research done by Weiclaw et al(2008) Psychosocial working conditions and the risk of depression and anxiety disorders in the Danish workforce show high risks of depression related to high emotional demands and working with people. Results of another research done by Netterstom et al (2008) The Relation between Work-related Psychosocial Factors and the Development of Depression showed moderate evidence for a relation between development of depression and the psychological demands of the job. Yet another research done by Melchior et al (2007) studied depression and anxiety in young, working women and men due to work stress. The results showed that participants exposed to high psychological job demands (excessive workload, extreme time pressures) had a twofold risk of major depression or generalized anxiety disorder compared to those with low job demands. The study stated that in previously healthy young workers, diagnosable depression and anxiety is precipitated by work stress. Another research relevant to the present research was done by Balaji et al (2014). A Comparative Study on Depression among Working and Non-Working Women in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. This study was done to assess the burden of depression its risk factors among adult female working and non working population. The results indicated that working women suffer more from depression than non-working women. The risk factors for depression were identified as economic problems workplace problems, relationship problems and no personal life satisfaction. The above studies support the results in the present research. The reasons for higher levels of depression among working women could be due to the reason that working women have to focus not only on their work sphere but also on their family life. It has also been observed that working women are not clear about their expectations which not only affect their daily routine but also health status of each and every woman especially in the developing nations like India remains precarious. Also since working women are unable to spend time with their family and not able to give time to their children due to their work it leads to depression in them. And working women also do not have enough time to look after themselves leading to a lot of health issues. These reasons are also supported by a research done by Greenhaus Beutell (2000) Sources of Conflict between Work and Family Roles. This study examined the literature on the conflict between work and family roles and found out that work-family conflict exists when: (a) time devoted to the requirements of one role makes it difficult to fulfill requirements of another; (b) strain from participation in one role makes it difficult to fulfill requirements of another; and (c) specific behaviors required by one role make it difficult to fulfill the requirements of another. Whereas non working women have more time to spend with their family, they are able to concentrate on their health, family life and have a lot of time for themselves. These might be some of the reasons why working women rate higher levels of depression than non working women. Problem 3: There will be higher levels of anxiety and depression in females belonging to nuclear families than those staying in joint families. A comparison was done on the basis of anxiety and depression levels among working women of nuclear and joint families. As can be inferred from table 4.4(chapter 4) the anxiety levels of working women from nuclear families is higher than those from joint families. The mean scores of working women from nuclear families is 39.1667 which is higher than working women from joint families which is 15.5556. There is a statistically significant difference between the two groups as can be seen from the value of sig. (2 tailed) =.000 It was also inferred from the same table that the depression levels of working women belonging to nuclear families was higher than those working women belonging to joint families. The mean scores of working women from nuclear families is 18.33 which is higher than those of joint families which is 6.33.There is also a statistically significant difference between the two groups as seen from the value of sig. (2 tailed) = .003 Then another comparison was done on the basis of anxiety and depression levels among non working women of nuclear and joint families. As can be inferred from table 4.5(chapter4) the anxiety levels of non working women from nuclear families was higher than that of non working belonging to joint families. The mean scores of non working women of nuclear families have a mean score of 28.5358 which is higher than the mean score of non working women of joint families which is 13.8824. There is also a statistically significant difference between the two groups as seen by the value of sig. (2 tailed) = .002. It was also inferred from the same table that the depression levels of non working women belonging to nuclear families was higher the non working women belonging to joint families. The mean scores of non working women of nuclear have a mean score of 8.2308 which is higher than that of non working women of joint families which is 4.4706. There is also a statistically significant difference between the two groups as seen by the value of sig. (2 tailed) = .047. So from tables 4.4 and 4.5 (chapter 4) it is inferred that women belonging to nuclear families report higher levels of both anxiety and depression than those belonging to joint families be it working women or non working. Many studies have been done on this and one such research was done by Doby Caplan (1995). Organizational Stress as Threat to Reputation: Effects on Anxiety at Work and at Home. The results of this study showed that high threat stressors were most likely to generate the anxiety experienced at home and for this the anxiety experienced at work was the key mediator. As the above study supports our finding in the present research some of the reasons for this finding could be as in a joint family most of the responsibilities are taken care of by the other family members. There isn’t a lot of burden alone on one woman of the family. The family members of a joint family not only provide physical support but also financial support and are also present mentally and emotionally. So this leads to the overall being of an individual. Whereas in a nuclear family all the work load and responsibility is on one person only be it of work or of the household sphere. Hence it was found that anxiety and depression levels of women belonging to nuclear families are higher than those belonging to joint families. Problem 4: There will be higher levels of anxiety and depression in females in the age group of 36-50 than those in 25-35. A comparison was done among the working women belonging to the age group of 25-35 and 36-50. As can be inferred from the table 4.7(chapter 4) that the working women belonging to age range 25-35 report higher on anxiety levels than that of age group 36-50. The mean score of working women lying in the age group of 25-35 is 30.3684 and of working women lying in the age group of 36-50 is 15.7273. There is a statistically significant difference in the two groups as seen by the value of sig. (2 tailed) =.031 It was also inferred from the same table, that working women of age group 25-35 showed higher levels of depression than the 36-50 age group. The mean score of working women lying in the age group of 25-35 is 13.7368 and that of working women lying in the age group of 36-50 is 6.6364. But there is no statistically significant difference between the two groups as seen by the value of sig. (2 tailed) = .106 Another comparison was done among the non working women belonging to the age group of 25-35 and 36-50. As can be inferred from the table 4.8(chapter 4) that the non working women belonging to the age range of 25-35 show higher mean values on anxiety scale than the age group 36-50 but there no statistically significant difference between them. The mean score of non working women lying in the age group of 25-35 is 22.2308 and of age group of 36-50 is 18.7059. But there is no statistically significant difference in the two groups as seen by the value of sig. (2 tailed) =.489 It was also inferred from the same table that the non working women of age group 25-35 show higher mean values on depression scale than age group 36-50 but there isn’t any statistically significant difference between them. The mean scores of non working women lying in the age group of 25-35 are 6.8462 and of the age group of 36-50 is 5.5294. But there is no statistically significant difference between the groups as seen from the value of sig. (2 tailed) = .499 So from the tables 4.7 and 4.8 (chapter 4) it is inferred that working women of age group 25-35 show higher levels of anxiety than 36-50 age group and other than this no other significant differences were seen in the levels of depression in these two groups. Also no significant difference was seen in the non working women for the two groups. One study which supports our findings was done by Melchior et al (2007) studied depression and anxiety in young, working women and men due to work stress. The results showed that participants exposed to high psychological job demands (excessive workload, extreme time pressures) had a twofold risk of major depression or generalized anxiety disorder compared to those with low job demands. The study stated that in previously healthy young workers, diagnosable depression and anxiety is precipitated by work stress. Another studied stating the importance of family support was done by Dew et al (2009) studied mental health effects of job loss in women. This study reviews literature on involuntary job loss and its effects on mental health among women. The occurrence and duration of lay-off was significantly associated with increased depressive symptoms, but not anxiety-related symptoms. Results showed that among women who were laid off, those who had poor levels of support from their husband and those experiencing more financial difficulties reported higher levels of depression. A study done by Fall et al (2013) on Comparative study of major depressive symptoms among pregnant women by employment status does Multivariate analyses showing that factors such as low education, low social support outside of work, having experienced acute stressful events, lack of money for basic needs, experiencing marital strain, having a chronic health problem, country of birth, and smoking were significantly associated with major depressive symptoms The reasons for higher level of anxiety in working women of age group 25-35 could be since they have just stated with their career so they are mostly anxious about their work. They are new to the professional world, burden of work, new set of responsibilities. Also in India this is the time for women to get married so the pressure of marriage, newlyweds and work leads to anxiety among this age group. Problem 5: There will be correlation between depression and anxiety among working and non working women. It was assumed that there would be a relationship between depression and anxiety. From table 4.9(chapter 4) it was seen that there is a positive correlation between depression and anxiety. This could be seen from the above mentioned table that if anxiety levels increase then so does the depression and vice versa. Research supporting our hypothesis was given by. Birch Kamli (2000) Psychological stress, anxiety, depression, job satisfaction, and personality characteristics in preregistration house officers. This study got lifestyle questionnaires filled by the officers and measured the self rated psychological stress, state anxiety, job satisfaction, and personality characteristics. It was seen that more of women suffered psychological stress, possible anxiety and possible depression Another study was done by Bhadoria (2013). Level of Anxiety and Depression Among Working Women and Non Working Women of Gwalior. As today’s women have a whole set of responsibilities and problems involving the professional and family life, this study tried to compare the levels of depression and anxiety among working and non working women. The results obtained showed significant levels of difference between working and non working women. The above mentioned researches support our hypothesis that if someone has high levels of anxiety then that person shows high levels of depression as well.

We Must Put an End to Gender-related Stereotypes and Stereotyping Essay

We Must Put an End to Gender-related Stereotypes I have heard it said many times and by many women, "I wish that I were a man. Men have it so easy. . ." It is a statement which stems from the fear and anger that comes from so many years of oppression and abuse; a statement which stems from the pressure to meet the present impossible standards of beauty and bodily perfection. At times it seems to be an understandable statement to make. Admittedly, I have found myself wishing that very absurdity when the pressures of being a woman have seemed to be too much. But as I get older, and hopefully wiser, I am happy to say, and even very proud, that yes! I am a woman. It is a very exciting time for me as a young woman to watch the changes that our world is undergoing at the present moment. So much is going on around us that it seems like anything could happen and that all things are possible. It is all very scary and exciting at the same time. I am not exactly sure how or when the Women's Rights movement began, but I do believe that we have come a long way, and that we also have a long way to go before we are free of those gender-related stereotypes and immense pressures to be "The Perfect Woman." I know that many skeptics will question whether or not that freedom is attainable, but I truly do believe that at this point in time all things are possible. I believe in the equality of the sexes. I believe in the equality of all people whether they be black, white, female, or male. Perhaps it is easy for me to be so positive and hopeful amidst these skeptics because of the family that I have. I don't think that I was aware of the "roles" that men and women adopt because in my family there seemed to be no roles. Both of my parents have... ...he worth of the true beauty within us that so often goes unseen. I believe that every woman in America experiences this. There is so little self-acceptance as we end up living our lives for the fantastic expectations of men. Both Alice Walker and Nora Ephron were finally able to transcend their hang-ups but it took them so many years and an awful lot of tears to be able to finally throw up their hands and give up trying to meet all of the expectations of the world. It is sad that a woman must reach her mid-life, when the pure beauty of youth is lost forever, before she is finally able to shed all of those insecurities that are forced upon her throughout her life. It is hard, and I believe that an equal amount of effort is required from both of the sexes if we are ever going to be able to move beyond this. It is time to look within or we will continue to go without.

Maus and Life is Beautiful

The Nazis came to power In January of 1933. They believed that Germans were racially superior and that the Jews were inferior threats to their community. The Holocaust is a tragic event and has been portrayed in many books and movies as that but there are two particular tales of the Holocaust that illustrate it differently.Mass is graphic novel writ ten by Art Spiegel and Life Is Beautiful is a comedy drama directed and Roberto Benign who o is also the mall character, Guide Orifice. Both of them depict the horrors of the Holocaust t wrought the eyes of resellers characters. Mass Is a story of the memories of Bladed Spangle. He Is a Polish Jew who survive d the Holocaust and is being interviewed by his son Art Spiegel who want to write a book about his father's experience.Life Is Beautiful is a 1997 academy award winning film t hat took place in sass's Italy. Guide Orifice is an Italian Jewish bookshop owner who uses his imagination to protect his son Joshua from the horrific reality of the Holocaust concentration camps. In the story Mass Bladed Is a dashing young man, Goodling, ambitious, Intelligent and resourceful. When the Germans Invade Poland conditions worsen for the Jews an Bladed Is forced to move from his role as a successful businessman to a resourceful skilled I borer in the concentration camps.While others suffer, he is a voice of hope. When Bladed air eves in Auschwitz he is constantly looking for opportunities to use his skills for better treats .NET for himself and for his wife, Ninja. He finds a way to be thrifty and save what he is given . Bladed is the one, for example, who convinces Ninja to keep living when she wants to kill herself when she find out that her son, Rolls, has died. â€Å"To die Is easy,† he says, â€Å"But you have to strung lee for life† (Book 1 Chap 5 22).

The world depends heavily on fossil fuels such as coal,...

The world depends heavily on fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas for energy, and while the worlds population and energy consumption continue to increase, the non-renewable resources we need to produce energy will eventually be depleted. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, the supply of oil left in the world will last us twenty five more years. One may say that twenty five years is a long time, and by then new sources of fuel will surely have replaced the nonrenewable sources we currently use to meet our energy demands. This, however, should not be the approach the world takes to solve this issue. Instead of hoping that the problem will solve itself in the years to come, it is our duty as a planet to†¦show more content†¦Through anaerobic digestion, methane gas is produced, which can then be refined for use as fuel. Biomass can also be converted into ethanol or biodiesel, which can serve as substitutes for currently used transportation fuels, decreasing the reliance on fossil fuel. Crops such as sugar cane or corn can be fermented to produce ethanol, while natural oils from palms or soybeans can be used to create biodiesel. Another way to harness the energy of biomass it to burn it. Even though the combustion of solid biomass may not be as environmentally sound as fermenting and refining it to make fuel, combusted biomass still emits less pollution than the combustion of other fuels such as oil and coal. The combustion of biomass can be used domestically to heat homes in place of oil or gas heaters, or even industrially to provide electricity to run machinery. With less of a negative impact on the environment, the use of biomass to create energy can decrease the worlds reliance on fossil fuels, and decrease pollution through the conversion of waste into a usable energy source. The use of biomass as an alternative energy source to fossil fuels is considered to be beneficial to the environment because it is believed that it will reduce the increase of carbon dioxide in the Earths atmosphere. Biomass is considered a carbon neutral source of energy because the carbon released into the atmosphere will be absorbed again when new plants/biomass grows in aShow MoreRelatedNuclear Fusion And Nuclear Energy Essay1638 Words   |  7 Pages ¬Nuclear energy is energy in the nucleus (core) of an atom. Atoms are tiny particles that make up every object in the universe. There is enormous energy in the bonds that hold atoms together. Nuclear energy can be used to make electricity. But first the energy must be released. It can be released from atoms in two ways: nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. In nuclear fusion, energy is released when atoms are combined or fused together to form a larger atom. This is how the sun produces energy. 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U.s. Politics, Citizen Safety, And Economy - 1390 Words

The U.S. has been involved in the war on drugs across the U.S. – Mexican border for almost a decade. While the United States has continued to be an active helper in assisting the Mexican government, the level of violence and gang-related deaths are still increasing at an alarming rate. So far, the majority of U.S. involvement has been in the way of money and physical enforcement; both Mexico and our border with them have become heavily militarized in the years since the â€Å"war on drugs† was launched. However, this military action doesn’t seem to be having any effect accept to spark intensified revolts and counter-violence by the Mexican cartels. The Mexican security crisis is no longer contained within their borders, and it is beginning to affect U.S politics, citizen safety, and economy. Based on my theoretical analysis, I recommend that: 1. 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What Is Wrong With Slavery, R. M. Hare - 913 Words

In What is Wrong with Slavery, R. M. Hare argues for why freedom should be a human right. There are psychological and behavioral aspect in regards to Hare s argument to where utility is the main contributing factor. Hare goes into saying that utility helps to distinguish the reason why Utilitarian s would accept this virtue in slavery because of the benefits that would come from having slaves. Utilitarian s can argue over slavery being wrong because of the loss of utility outweighing the supposed happiness that would be a possible gain from having slave-owners and slaves. Add more... Utilitarianism is one of the moral theories that literally only acts on gaining or developing the use for having utility, or what is also known as happiness. Pleasure is a helpful key word to define utility because it is the opposite of feeling pain. As long as there stands a high level of utility, there will be actions to obtain it and no matter how much morality is provided or taken away. Such pleasure can be from the act of the utilitarian in which... Add more examples to this paragraph. The argument is that enslaving people maximizes utility. Hare believes in this argument, but takes this argument a little bit further by developing his own hypothetical example to where enslaving would maximize utility in an aggregate formation. The example consists of the island of Juba and how its colonization of slaves had a leader who took control over the island. There are problems to be fixed asShow MoreRelatedNotes18856 Words   |  76 PagesChapter 4 Colonialism and the African Experience Virtually everything that has gone wrong in Africa since the advent of independence has been blamed on the legacies of colonialism. Is that fair? Virtually all colonial powers had â€Å"colonial missions.† What were these missions and why were they apparently such a disaster? Did any good come out of the African â€Å"colonial experience†? Introduction Colonization of Africa by European countries was a monumental milestone in  ­ the development

Case Study of Winery Yard Free-Samples -Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Case Study of Winery Yard. Answer: Introduction The case study analysis is considered significantly essential to understand the actual position of the company. A winery is operated by the Grevillea Ridge family(Somogyi, 2013). This winery is generally managed by two owned. The owners have applied several strategies to enhance income and sales. They offered diverse kinds of offers in last three month. In this report, the sales of winery will be discussed in detail. The spreadsheet will be analyzed in order to know the impact of various discounts and offers on sales of winery. The other factors which affect the sales of vineyard will be analyzed in detail. After that, a concluding summary will be presented in detail. On this basis of analysis of spread sheet, recommendations will be offered in last section of the report. Analysis The case study is about a winery yard which is managed by two owners (Galbreath, 2015). It was estimated by the owners that mostly sales are made on the weekend. In order to increase sales through telephone and online, the owners decided to close the caller door on the last days of weekend (Sexton, 2011). The production processes are managed by the Marcus, while other operations are managed by Michelle. She appointed two employees for assistance. In order to establish business through online, the customers were motived to become a member of Grevillea Ridge Wine Club online. They are provided mail o regular basis about functions and new things. On the other hand, Michelle distributed wines to stores and boosted target market. The business was started to concentrate the target market of Victoria (Thorpe, 2009). Yet, Michelle recognized that operations can be expanded in other nations. She started to offer 15% discount in February in order to increase the sales. She provided cost free d elivery services in March. Michelle has used excellent strategies to enhance the sales outside the nation. Sales Analysis In the three months, the sales in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia are: The above mentioned chart indicates the number of sales achieved in three month. In January, the company sold 22 cases to New South Wales, O cases to Queensland, 29 cases to South Australia and 107cases to Victoria. The company achieved sufficient revenues through these sales in January. In February, the company sold 134 cases to New South Wales, O cases to Queensland, 136 cases to South Australia and 299 cases to Victoria. The company achieved sufficient revenues through these sales in January. The sales were high during February. In March, the company sold 9 cases to New South Wales, 2 cases to Queensland, 44 cases to South Australia and 93 cases to Victoria. Discount Analysis The above chart indicates the discounts achieved by four states of Australia during February on purchase of wine cases. New South Wales purchased 134 cases of wine in February. The state achieved AUD 754.76 amount of discount on these purchases of cases. Queensland purchased 2 cases of wine in February. The state achieved AUD 46.80 amount of discount on these purchases of cases. Victoria purchased 299 cases of wine in February. The state achieved AUD 1909.41 amount of discount on these purchases of cases. South Australia purchased 136 cases of wine in February. The state achieved AUD 273.15 amount of discount on these purchases of cases Result of Analysis The winery business did well in the last three month. The campaign launched by Michelle proved good and well to boost the level of sales in other states as compared to Victoria. It is analyzed on the basis of above mentioned analysis that sales in Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and South Australia enhanced greatly in February due to offer of discount. In order to avail this opportunity, three states purchased more cases as compared to January. However, the campaign of free deliver was not demonstrated beneficial (Insel, 2014). In March, the winery offered free delivery services. This offer was not beneficial for the winery. The campaign to offer discount to enhance sales was evidenced good (Alonso, 2011). Other factors affecting results It is analyzed that various other factors also impacted the results of these sales. The competition is considered biggest issue that impact the sales and revenue. In February, the sales were high because the customers are attaining discounts on the purchase of cases (Goodman, 2009). On the other hand, the sales were low in March as competitors are providing services on time. The legal factors also impacted the sales during March. The legal requirements regarding purchase and sales differentiate. The sales are high in the Victoria because wines are produced according to the needs and demands of Victorian customers. However, the preferences and tastes of customers of other citizen can vary. The preferences of customers greatly impact the results (Duarte Alonso, 2015). Conclusion On the basis of above mentioned analysis, it is concluded that psyche of customers vary as per requirements. The winery launched two campaign to enhance sales. The campaign to provide discount during February was beneficial as company attained higher sales during February. On the other hand, the offer to provide free delivery services was not as such beneficial as company did not achieved desired sales. It is also concluded that environmental factors of different states and preferences of different customers of different states also impact the level of sales. Recommendations On the basis of above mentioned analysis, it is recommended that winery should concentrate on the needs and preferences of customers. The winery must analyze diverse requirements of consumers in order to gratify the needs of target customers. Secondly, the vineyard should offer discounts in other states in order to capture more customers. The winegrower should provide vine to diverse stores in different states. References Alonso, A. D., 2011. The red-headed stepchild of wine? Marketing muscadine wines in the Southern USA. British Food Journal; Bradford, 113(10), pp. 1290-1304. Duarte Alonso, A., 2015. Wine as a unique and valuable resource: An exploratory study of wine consumers on La Palma Island. British Food Journal; Bradford, 117(11), pp. 2757-2776. Galbreath, J., 2015. A study of women in top business roles: the case of the wine industry. International Journal of Wine Business Research, 27(2), pp. 143-158. Goodman, S., 2009. An international comparison of retail consumer wine choice. International Journal of Wine Business Research, 21(1), pp. 41-49. Insel, B., 2014. The Evolving Global Wine Market. Business Economics; Basingstoke, 49(1), pp. 46-58. Sexton, A., 2011. The French in the Australian wine industry: 1788-2009. International Journal of Wine Business Research, 23(3), pp. 198-209. Somogyi, S., 2013. Grape grower and winery relationships: a segmentation approach. International Journal of Wine Business Research, 25(4), pp. 252-266. Thorpe, M., 2009. The globalisation of the wine industry: new world, old world and China. China Agricultural Economic Review, 1(3), pp. 301-313.